Name the instrument
Different tools measure different constructs. We do not pretend their numbers are interchangeable.
Editorial approach
Understand how you work before you choose what comes next.
Understand scores, norms, reliability, validity, test comparisons, and the decisions a report can and cannot support.
Show uncertainty
Reliability, norms, validity, and context belong in the interpretation—not in the footnotes.
Match the decision
Evidence for reflection does not automatically support hiring, clinical, or other high-stakes use.
Where we draw the line
Educational assessment literacy, not clinical diagnosis, treatment, or a substitute for qualified professional judgment.